"Menurut peneliti dari Lembaga Eijkman Herawati Sudoyo, pada kondisi tertentu bakteri itu memang bisa tumbuh di produk lain. Penelitian Meng dkk di China menunjukkan, B cocovenenans ditemukan di tepung jagung yang difermentasi serta jamur putih (Tremella faciformis) yang membusuk.
Herawati menjelaskan, racun B cocovenenans, yaitu asam bongkrek dan toksoflavin, menghambat rantai respirasi pada mitokondria sehingga produksi Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) terganggu dan energi bagi sel tidak terbentuk. Akibatnya, sel jaringan tubuh rusak. Hal itu tampak dari hasil otopsi korban yang menunjukkan kegagalan multiorgan. Gejala klinis keracunan asam bongkrek sama seperti yang diderita para korban, yaitu pusing, mual, muntah, kemudian meninggal.
Kasus keracunan gembus atau bongkrek, dalam sejarah sosial kita, mengindikasikan satu kecenderungan yang konstan: kemiskinan.
Namun, supaya tetap ilmiah, Lembaga Biologi Molekuler Eijkman masih akan mengidentifikasi DNA bakteri itu."
regards,
ardy
sumber kompas.com edisi 2 agustus 2007
Senin, Agustus 06, 2007
Jumat, Agustus 03, 2007
Rapat lab Bulan Agustus
pada tanggal 1 kemarin, lab mengadakan rapat bulanan. dalam rapat disepakati:
1. Pembuatan pedoman praktikum bioindustri dan Teknologi Mikrobial
2. Pembuatan materi pelatihan
3. pelaporan kegiatan laboratorium dari laboran ke kalab
pedoman praktikum disesuaikan dengan materi kuliah diharapkan selesai sebelum kuliah dimulai.
ada tambahan? komentar?
1. Pembuatan pedoman praktikum bioindustri dan Teknologi Mikrobial
2. Pembuatan materi pelatihan
3. pelaporan kegiatan laboratorium dari laboran ke kalab
pedoman praktikum disesuaikan dengan materi kuliah diharapkan selesai sebelum kuliah dimulai.
ada tambahan? komentar?
Kamis, Agustus 02, 2007
STUDIES ON THE TOXINS OF PSEUDOMONAS COCOVENENANS
Fatal food poisonings have repeatedly occurred amongst the natives of the densely populated parts of Mid-Java in Indonesia. These were caused by the eating of coconut-products (bongkrek) that had been inoculated with moulds (Rhizopus oryzae). A study of the background of these poisonings was made round about 1930. An extensive investigation brought to light the fact that sometimes a bacterium developed instead of the mould with which the defatted coconut was inoculated and this secreted a very active poison. This bongkrekic bacterium was identified as belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and it got the name Pseudomonas cocovenenans. The toxic compound, bongkrekic acid, was isolated from cultures of this microorganism on moist, defatted copra. This isolation was worked out by using extraction procedures followed by thin layer chromatography or liquid-liquid chromatography on Sephadex. The concentration of bongkrekic- acid at the different phases of isolation was determined by measuring the UV- absorption or the antibiotic activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum.
sumber: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0431819
sumber: http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0431819
Tempe gembus beracun?
JAKARTA (KR) - Menteri Kesehatan Siti Fadilah Supari mengungkapkan, ‘penyakit misterius’ yang menjangkiti warga Dusun Beran dan Pete Desa Kanigoro Kecamatan Ngablak Magelang diduga kuat akibat bakteri pseudomonas cocovenenans yang berkembang biak dalam tempe gembus.
”Menurut informasi, mereka makan tempe gembus, makanya yang banyak kena itu ibu-ibu. Bapaknya sedang kerja. Kemungkinan besar keracunan itu disebabkan tempe gembus,” kata Menkes kepada wartawan di Depkes Jl HR Rasuna Said Kuningan Jakarta Selatan, Selasa (31/7).
Selain tempe gembus, kata Menkes, ada beberapa dugaan yang menyebabkan kematian warga di sana, yakni keracunan logam seperti arsen, cadmium, cromium serta keracunan bahan biologis. ”Dugaan keracunan logam masih perlu pemeriksaan lebih lanjut,” ujarnya.
Dirjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (P2PL) I Nyoman Kandun juga mengatakan, keracunan disebabkan bakteri pseudomonas cocovenenans. ”Bakteri itu tidak hanya hidup di tempe bongkrek, tetapi juga di tempat lain seperti di tempe gembus. Kasus ini baru kali ini. Tetapi ini belum definitif, masih pemeriksaan lebih lanjut tentang logam berat dan insektisida,” tambahnya.
Dugaan keracunan tempe gembus di Magelang adalah yang pertama kali di Indonesia. Menurut informasi, korban di Dusun Beran dan Dusun Pete membeli tempe pada 21 Juli 2007 sebelum akhirnya KLB merebak pada keesokan harinya, tanggal 22 Juli 2007.
Kepala Dinkes Jawa Tengah Hartanto mengatakan pihaknya sudah memberikan pelatihan pada produsen tempe gembus bagaimana membuat produk yang aman. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencegah kejadian serupa terulang lagi.
”Kita minta menggunakan alat-alat yang tidak menggunakan logam seperti kuali dan tampah. Itu sudah kami lakukan di lokasi produsen tempe gembus. Mereka juga diminta membuat tempe dengan tangan yang bersih,” jelasnya.
sumber: www.kr.co.id
”Menurut informasi, mereka makan tempe gembus, makanya yang banyak kena itu ibu-ibu. Bapaknya sedang kerja. Kemungkinan besar keracunan itu disebabkan tempe gembus,” kata Menkes kepada wartawan di Depkes Jl HR Rasuna Said Kuningan Jakarta Selatan, Selasa (31/7).
Selain tempe gembus, kata Menkes, ada beberapa dugaan yang menyebabkan kematian warga di sana, yakni keracunan logam seperti arsen, cadmium, cromium serta keracunan bahan biologis. ”Dugaan keracunan logam masih perlu pemeriksaan lebih lanjut,” ujarnya.
Dirjen Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (P2PL) I Nyoman Kandun juga mengatakan, keracunan disebabkan bakteri pseudomonas cocovenenans. ”Bakteri itu tidak hanya hidup di tempe bongkrek, tetapi juga di tempat lain seperti di tempe gembus. Kasus ini baru kali ini. Tetapi ini belum definitif, masih pemeriksaan lebih lanjut tentang logam berat dan insektisida,” tambahnya.
Dugaan keracunan tempe gembus di Magelang adalah yang pertama kali di Indonesia. Menurut informasi, korban di Dusun Beran dan Dusun Pete membeli tempe pada 21 Juli 2007 sebelum akhirnya KLB merebak pada keesokan harinya, tanggal 22 Juli 2007.
Kepala Dinkes Jawa Tengah Hartanto mengatakan pihaknya sudah memberikan pelatihan pada produsen tempe gembus bagaimana membuat produk yang aman. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencegah kejadian serupa terulang lagi.
”Kita minta menggunakan alat-alat yang tidak menggunakan logam seperti kuali dan tampah. Itu sudah kami lakukan di lokasi produsen tempe gembus. Mereka juga diminta membuat tempe dengan tangan yang bersih,” jelasnya.
sumber: www.kr.co.id
Rabu, Agustus 01, 2007
Waste Definition and Classification
Sri SuhartiniPostgraduate student in The University of Queensland
There are many definitions of waste. According to McBean, et al. (1995), “Waste is a material that is cheaper to throw away than to use”. Furthermore, the Western Australian Government Department of Environmental Protection (2001) defines, “Wastes are (i) any substance that is discarded, emitted, or deposited in the environment in such volume, constituency or manner as to cause an alteration in the environment; (ii) any discarded, rejected, unwanted, surplus or abandoned substance; and (iii) any otherwise discarded, rejected, unwanted, surplus or abandoned substance intended for sale or for recycling, reprocessing, recovery, or purification by a separate operation from that which produced the substance.”
In addition, the types of wastes vary depending on their physical characteristics, components, and effects. According to Cutarao (2006), wastes, based on their physical characteristics, can be divided into “Solid wastes which are domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes (e.g. plastics, styrofoam, containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash; and liquid wastes which are in liquid form (e.g. domestic washings, chemicals, oils, wastewater from ponds, manufacturing industries, and other sources).” From their components, wastes can be characterized into two groups, “bio-degradable which can be degraded (e.g. paper, wood, fruits and others) and non-biodegradable which cannot be degraded (e.g. plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers, and others).” Based on their effects on human and environment, wastes can be classified as “hazardous wastes, which are dangerous for commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically use, and non hazardous wastes, which are secure for commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically use.”
Numerous literatures define and divide solid wastes into different categories. Gottinger (1991, 3) defines solid wastes as “any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and community activities.” Similarly, Tchobanoglous, et al. (1993, 3), add that solid wastes are all the wastes produced by human and animal activities which are solid and are discharged as unwanted.
It is clear that the solid waste quantity and composition (or component) is different in all societies, both in developing countries (e.g. Indonesia) and developed countries (e.g. Australia). Wahono, and Sahwan (1998), for example, state that the major compositions of solid wastes in major Indonesian cities (e.g. Jakarta, Bandung, and Semarang) are organic materials. This is supported by Tchobanoglous, et al. (1993) who mention that the distribution of components of residential municipal solid waste is typically different among countries, whereas developing countries produce more organic wastes than developed countries. Similarly, in companies or industries, the major composition of solid wastes is paper and paperboard wastes.
Clearly, there are many factors affecting the differences on solid waste composition. According to Bilitewski, et al. (1996, 3), these differences are caused by many factors, such as “level of consumption, production and packaging; standard of living; type of residence (yard space; degree of self-sufficiency); local conditions; and type and capacity of waste and recyclables containers.” Additionally, Rhyner, et al. (1995) add that the changes in product design, packaging materials, and buying habits have also changed the waste composition. This is also supported by Gupta, et al. (1998, 101) who found that the waste composition are depend on many factor such as “food habits, cultural tradition, lifestyles, climate and income etc”, which are found across all country around the world.
Obviously, solid wastes resources in all communities’ levels in developing countries (e. g. Indonesia) are quite similar with developed countries (e.g. Australia). In general, sources of solid wastes in a community are defined as “residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and municipal services” (Tchobanoglous, et al. 1993, 40 and McBean, et al. 1995, 8) and “agricultural, construction and demolition, and treatment and plant sites which are depending on land use and zoning.” (Tchobanoglous, et al. 1993, 40) (see Table 2). Based on this figure, wastes resources in all level of society are generally similar, whereas wastes generation are relatively varied among these resources. For instance, in developed country, such as Australia, wastes are generated from agricultural (e.g. rice husks, macadamia shells, animal slurries, bagasse from sugar cane and timber mill residues), commercial and industrial, and household (BCSE 2005, 3).
Therefore, the main constituents of solid wastes are similar all over the world. However the quantity, the density and the proportion of these wastes generally vary among industries, countries, and communities, depending on the economic development level, geographic location, technology, and social conditions. These differences will lead to different approach on handling these waste problems.
References
Bilitewski, B., G. Hardtle, K. Marek, A. Weissbach, and H. Boeddicker. (1996), Waste Management, Springer, Berlin.
Gottinger, H. W. (1991), Economic Models and Applications of Solid Waste Management, Gordon and Breach Science Publisher, New York.
Gupta, S., and T. G. Lizon. 2004. Technical assistance (co-financed by the Canadian cooperation fund on climate change) to the Republic of Indonesia for the gas generation from waste project. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved September 9, 2006, from http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/TARs/INO/tar-ino-36557.pdf
McBean, E. A., F. A. Rovers, and G. J. Farquhar. (1995), Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design, Prentice Hall HTR, New Jersey.
Rhyner, C. R., L. J. Schwartz, R. B. Wenger, and M. G. Kohrell. (1995), Waste Management and Resource Recovery, Lewis Publishers, New York.
Tchobanoglous, G., H. Theisen, and S. Vigil. (1993), Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York.
Wahono, S. and F. L. Sahwan. (1998). Indonesia: Solid waste composting trends and projects. BioCycle, 39, 64-68. Retrieved September 9, 2006, from Proquest Academic Research Library Database.
There are many definitions of waste. According to McBean, et al. (1995), “Waste is a material that is cheaper to throw away than to use”. Furthermore, the Western Australian Government Department of Environmental Protection (2001) defines, “Wastes are (i) any substance that is discarded, emitted, or deposited in the environment in such volume, constituency or manner as to cause an alteration in the environment; (ii) any discarded, rejected, unwanted, surplus or abandoned substance; and (iii) any otherwise discarded, rejected, unwanted, surplus or abandoned substance intended for sale or for recycling, reprocessing, recovery, or purification by a separate operation from that which produced the substance.”
In addition, the types of wastes vary depending on their physical characteristics, components, and effects. According to Cutarao (2006), wastes, based on their physical characteristics, can be divided into “Solid wastes which are domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes (e.g. plastics, styrofoam, containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash; and liquid wastes which are in liquid form (e.g. domestic washings, chemicals, oils, wastewater from ponds, manufacturing industries, and other sources).” From their components, wastes can be characterized into two groups, “bio-degradable which can be degraded (e.g. paper, wood, fruits and others) and non-biodegradable which cannot be degraded (e.g. plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers, and others).” Based on their effects on human and environment, wastes can be classified as “hazardous wastes, which are dangerous for commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically use, and non hazardous wastes, which are secure for commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically use.”
Numerous literatures define and divide solid wastes into different categories. Gottinger (1991, 3) defines solid wastes as “any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and community activities.” Similarly, Tchobanoglous, et al. (1993, 3), add that solid wastes are all the wastes produced by human and animal activities which are solid and are discharged as unwanted.
It is clear that the solid waste quantity and composition (or component) is different in all societies, both in developing countries (e.g. Indonesia) and developed countries (e.g. Australia). Wahono, and Sahwan (1998), for example, state that the major compositions of solid wastes in major Indonesian cities (e.g. Jakarta, Bandung, and Semarang) are organic materials. This is supported by Tchobanoglous, et al. (1993) who mention that the distribution of components of residential municipal solid waste is typically different among countries, whereas developing countries produce more organic wastes than developed countries. Similarly, in companies or industries, the major composition of solid wastes is paper and paperboard wastes.
Clearly, there are many factors affecting the differences on solid waste composition. According to Bilitewski, et al. (1996, 3), these differences are caused by many factors, such as “level of consumption, production and packaging; standard of living; type of residence (yard space; degree of self-sufficiency); local conditions; and type and capacity of waste and recyclables containers.” Additionally, Rhyner, et al. (1995) add that the changes in product design, packaging materials, and buying habits have also changed the waste composition. This is also supported by Gupta, et al. (1998, 101) who found that the waste composition are depend on many factor such as “food habits, cultural tradition, lifestyles, climate and income etc”, which are found across all country around the world.
Obviously, solid wastes resources in all communities’ levels in developing countries (e. g. Indonesia) are quite similar with developed countries (e.g. Australia). In general, sources of solid wastes in a community are defined as “residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and municipal services” (Tchobanoglous, et al. 1993, 40 and McBean, et al. 1995, 8) and “agricultural, construction and demolition, and treatment and plant sites which are depending on land use and zoning.” (Tchobanoglous, et al. 1993, 40) (see Table 2). Based on this figure, wastes resources in all level of society are generally similar, whereas wastes generation are relatively varied among these resources. For instance, in developed country, such as Australia, wastes are generated from agricultural (e.g. rice husks, macadamia shells, animal slurries, bagasse from sugar cane and timber mill residues), commercial and industrial, and household (BCSE 2005, 3).
Therefore, the main constituents of solid wastes are similar all over the world. However the quantity, the density and the proportion of these wastes generally vary among industries, countries, and communities, depending on the economic development level, geographic location, technology, and social conditions. These differences will lead to different approach on handling these waste problems.
References
Bilitewski, B., G. Hardtle, K. Marek, A. Weissbach, and H. Boeddicker. (1996), Waste Management, Springer, Berlin.
Gottinger, H. W. (1991), Economic Models and Applications of Solid Waste Management, Gordon and Breach Science Publisher, New York.
Gupta, S., and T. G. Lizon. 2004. Technical assistance (co-financed by the Canadian cooperation fund on climate change) to the Republic of Indonesia for the gas generation from waste project. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved September 9, 2006, from http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/TARs/INO/tar-ino-36557.pdf
McBean, E. A., F. A. Rovers, and G. J. Farquhar. (1995), Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design, Prentice Hall HTR, New Jersey.
Rhyner, C. R., L. J. Schwartz, R. B. Wenger, and M. G. Kohrell. (1995), Waste Management and Resource Recovery, Lewis Publishers, New York.
Tchobanoglous, G., H. Theisen, and S. Vigil. (1993), Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues, McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York.
Wahono, S. and F. L. Sahwan. (1998). Indonesia: Solid waste composting trends and projects. BioCycle, 39, 64-68. Retrieved September 9, 2006, from Proquest Academic Research Library Database.
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